2026
Tiemann, Tim; Schmidt, Carsten; Denkena, Berend
In: Composites Parts C, Nr. 20, S. 17, 2026.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Schlagwörter:
@article{nokey,
title = {Integrating explicit manufacturing knowledge in design for Automated Fiber Placement: An Adaptive Design Engine},
author = {Tim Tiemann and Carsten Schmidt and Berend Denkena},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666682026000794?via%3Dihub},
doi = {10.1016/j.jcomc.2026.100773 Titel anhand dieser DOI in Citavi-Projekt übernehmen},
year = {2026},
date = {2026-07-31},
urldate = {2026-07-31},
journal = {Composites Parts C},
number = {20},
pages = {17},
abstract = {Automated Fiber Placement (AFP) part design relies on iterative validation. Current tools evaluate manufac-turability but provide limited guidance for generating feasible, optimized designs. The Adaptive Design Engine (ADE) integrates AFP manufacturing knowledge into the geometry generation process through parametric formalization. Manufacturing constraints are represented as explicit functions of equipment specifications, material properties, and process parameters. This defines the manufacturable design space a priori. Comparing three AFP systems reveals that manufacturability is non-transitive: designs optimized for one configuration are infeasible on others. This confirms that static design rules fail to capture equipment-specific constraints. Implementing the geometric constraint model for a topology-optimized fuselage structure enabled a direct design-to-manufacturing workflow. The framework optimizes manufacturable geometry parameters in under 4 min, whereas commercial path planning requires 11 h for a single validation cycle. Path planning software accepted the generated geometries without modification to produce two full-scale thermoset prepreg demon-strators. The ADE provides an alternative to static design rules by shifting from a posteriori validation to a priori generative design.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Automated Fiber Placement (AFP) part design relies on iterative validation. Current tools evaluate manufac-turability but provide limited guidance for generating feasible, optimized designs. The Adaptive Design Engine (ADE) integrates AFP manufacturing knowledge into the geometry generation process through parametric formalization. Manufacturing constraints are represented as explicit functions of equipment specifications, material properties, and process parameters. This defines the manufacturable design space a priori. Comparing three AFP systems reveals that manufacturability is non-transitive: designs optimized for one configuration are infeasible on others. This confirms that static design rules fail to capture equipment-specific constraints. Implementing the geometric constraint model for a topology-optimized fuselage structure enabled a direct design-to-manufacturing workflow. The framework optimizes manufacturable geometry parameters in under 4 min, whereas commercial path planning requires 11 h for a single validation cycle. Path planning software accepted the generated geometries without modification to produce two full-scale thermoset prepreg demon-strators. The ADE provides an alternative to static design rules by shifting from a posteriori validation to a priori generative design.
Denkena, Berend; Schmidt, Carsten; Garthe, David
In: Composite Structures, Ausg. 393, 2026.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Schlagwörter:
@article{nokey,
title = {A manufacturing-oriented intrinsic insert concept for FRP with application in a lightweight CFRP agricultural machinery chassis},
author = {Berend Denkena and Carsten Schmidt and David Garthe},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S026382232600591X},
doi = {10.1016/j.compstruct.2026.120626},
year = {2026},
date = {2026-07-03},
journal = {Composite Structures},
issue = {393},
abstract = {Reliable connection points are necessary for the structural application of carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRPs) in heavy-duty machinery. Existing joining methods often fail to meet the demanding requirements, particularly with respect to high loads within the limited space of complex-shaped parts, while also minimizing costly post-processing steps. To address these challenges, this paper presents an intrinsic hybrid insert based on the multi-layer-insert, which can be integrated into the CFRP-manufacturing process. The insert consists of a compact geometry that enables load distribution into the CFRP via multiple metallic surfaces. Quasi-static tests and finite-element-models were performed to analyse load distribution between adhesive shear and bearing stresses and to determine failure load and failure behaviour. The results indicate an increase in load-bearing capacity of up to 100% compared to unreinforced designs. Furthermore, when combined with thick laminates, the insert can sustain loads of up to 200 kN despite its relatively small diameter of just 50 mm. Compared to published solutions, the proposed concept offers a favourable load-to-diameter ratio and enables the transfer of higher load levels in absolute terms and relative to its size. By integrating the insert into the CFRP-chassis of an 18-tonne harvester, its suitability in heavy-duty applications was demonstrated.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Reliable connection points are necessary for the structural application of carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRPs) in heavy-duty machinery. Existing joining methods often fail to meet the demanding requirements, particularly with respect to high loads within the limited space of complex-shaped parts, while also minimizing costly post-processing steps. To address these challenges, this paper presents an intrinsic hybrid insert based on the multi-layer-insert, which can be integrated into the CFRP-manufacturing process. The insert consists of a compact geometry that enables load distribution into the CFRP via multiple metallic surfaces. Quasi-static tests and finite-element-models were performed to analyse load distribution between adhesive shear and bearing stresses and to determine failure load and failure behaviour. The results indicate an increase in load-bearing capacity of up to 100% compared to unreinforced designs. Furthermore, when combined with thick laminates, the insert can sustain loads of up to 200 kN despite its relatively small diameter of just 50 mm. Compared to published solutions, the proposed concept offers a favourable load-to-diameter ratio and enables the transfer of higher load levels in absolute terms and relative to its size. By integrating the insert into the CFRP-chassis of an 18-tonne harvester, its suitability in heavy-duty applications was demonstrated.
Dutta, Gaurab Sundar; Jenensch, Christian; Steuernagel, Leif; Schmidt, Carsten
A Parametric Approach for Intraply Hybridization of Carbon Fiber and Natural Fiber Textiles Vortrag
19.06.2026.
BibTeX | Schlagwörter:
@misc{nokey,
title = {A Parametric Approach for Intraply Hybridization of Carbon Fiber and Natural Fiber Textiles},
author = {Gaurab Sundar Dutta and Christian Jenensch and Leif Steuernagel and Carsten Schmidt},
editor = {22th European Conference on Composite Materials (ECCM22)},
year = {2026},
date = {2026-06-19},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
Siebert, Anna; Steuernagel, Leif; Schmidt, Carsten
Mechanical Recycling of Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastics: Effects of Processing Strategies on Structure and Mechanical Performance Vortrag
19.06.2026.
BibTeX | Schlagwörter:
@misc{nokey,
title = {Mechanical Recycling of Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastics: Effects of Processing Strategies on Structure and Mechanical Performance},
author = {Anna Siebert and Leif Steuernagel and Carsten Schmidt},
editor = {22th European Conference on Composite Materials (ECCM22)},
year = {2026},
date = {2026-06-19},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
Möllers, Hendrik; Schmidt, Carsten; Steuernagel, Leif; Meiners, Dieter
Mechanical properties of thick laminates using multiple different epoxy resin systems Vortrag
19.06.2026.
BibTeX | Schlagwörter:
@misc{nokey,
title = {Mechanical properties of thick laminates using multiple different epoxy resin systems},
author = {Hendrik Möllers and Carsten Schmidt and Leif Steuernagel and Dieter Meiners},
editor = {22th European Conference on Composite Materials (ECCM22)},
year = {2026},
date = {2026-06-19},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
Finder, John; Schmidt, Carsten; Heimbs, Sebastian
A multi-step simulation method using representative volume elements for predicting mechanical properties of recycled composites made from chopped carbon fibre-reinforced thermoplastics Vortrag
19.06.2026.
BibTeX | Schlagwörter:
@misc{nokey,
title = {A multi-step simulation method using representative volume elements for predicting mechanical properties of recycled composites made from chopped carbon fibre-reinforced thermoplastics},
author = {John Finder and Carsten Schmidt and Sebastian Heimbs},
editor = {22th European Conference on Composite Materials (ECCM22)},
year = {2026},
date = {2026-06-19},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
Schäfer, Harper; Heimbs, Sebastian; Schmidt, Carsten
Closed-Loop Recycling of Resistance-Welded Thermoplastic Composite Joints: Influence of Heating Element Material on Disassembly and Rewelding Vortrag
19.06.2026.
BibTeX | Schlagwörter:
@misc{nokey,
title = {Closed-Loop Recycling of Resistance-Welded Thermoplastic Composite Joints: Influence of Heating Element Material on Disassembly and Rewelding},
author = { Harper Schäfer and Sebastian Heimbs and Carsten Schmidt},
editor = {22th European Conference on Composite Materials (ECCM22)},
year = {2026},
date = {2026-06-19},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
Möllers, Hendrik; Schmidt, Carsten; Meiners, Dieter
Multi hardener laminates: A novel approach to optimize thick composite cure Artikel
In: Composites Parts B: Engineering, Bd. Volume 313, 2026.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Schlagwörter:
@article{Möllers2026,
title = {Multi hardener laminates: A novel approach to optimize thick composite cure},
author = {Hendrik Möllers and Carsten Schmidt and Dieter Meiners},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1359836826000077?via%3Dihub},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2026.113387},
year = {2026},
date = {2026-03-15},
journal = {Composites Parts B: Engineering},
volume = {Volume 313},
abstract = {Due to the exothermal cure reaction of the resin and its low thermal conductivity there is an increasing risk for heat accumulation and uneven cure in thick composite laminates. In this study a novel approach to reduce overshoot, cure degree gradient and process time based on the usage of dissimilar resin systems throughout the laminate is explored. An experimentally validated FEM-Simulation was integrated into a multi-objective optimization algorithm and used to choose fitting cure agents, cure agent distributions and cure cycles for 25 mm, 50 mm and 100 mm thick glass fiber reinforced laminates. The algorithm was modified to be able to choose between one anhydride and two amine curing agent while also being able to add accelerator to the anhydride. The resulting Pareto sets show that using dissimilar cure agents in the inner and outer layers of a laminate can be beneficial in terms of cure degree gradients at shorter process times. The biggest improvements were found when varying the accelerator concentration of anhydride cure agent. Here reductions in cure degree gradient of 43 % can be achieved. It was also found that minimizing overshoot and process time alone does not result in the most even cure when using multiple curing agents within a laminate. Generally, choosing a well-suited cure agent and optimizing the cure cycle shortens process times and lowers temperature overshoots and cure degree gradients.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
Due to the exothermal cure reaction of the resin and its low thermal conductivity there is an increasing risk for heat accumulation and uneven cure in thick composite laminates. In this study a novel approach to reduce overshoot, cure degree gradient and process time based on the usage of dissimilar resin systems throughout the laminate is explored. An experimentally validated FEM-Simulation was integrated into a multi-objective optimization algorithm and used to choose fitting cure agents, cure agent distributions and cure cycles for 25 mm, 50 mm and 100 mm thick glass fiber reinforced laminates. The algorithm was modified to be able to choose between one anhydride and two amine curing agent while also being able to add accelerator to the anhydride. The resulting Pareto sets show that using dissimilar cure agents in the inner and outer layers of a laminate can be beneficial in terms of cure degree gradients at shorter process times. The biggest improvements were found when varying the accelerator concentration of anhydride cure agent. Here reductions in cure degree gradient of 43 % can be achieved. It was also found that minimizing overshoot and process time alone does not result in the most even cure when using multiple curing agents within a laminate. Generally, choosing a well-suited cure agent and optimizing the cure cycle shortens process times and lowers temperature overshoots and cure degree gradients.
2025
Finder, John
Determining the optimal RVE sizing for random-chopped fiber composites Vortrag
20.11.2025.
BibTeX | Schlagwörter:
@misc{Finder2025b,
title = {Determining the optimal RVE sizing for random-chopped fiber composites},
author = {John Finder},
editor = {33rd Leoben-Conference on Polymer Engineering and Science},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-11-20},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
Stüven, Jan-Lukas; Kienast, Anton; Heimbs, Sebastian; Schmidt, Carsten
Multi-scale modelling of process-induced residual stresses in fibre-reinforced semi-crystalline thermoplastic composites Proceedings Article
In: Amsterdam, SAMPE Europe Conference 2025 (Hrsg.): 2025.
Abstract | BibTeX | Schlagwörter:
@inproceedings{Stüven2025b,
title = {Multi-scale modelling of process-induced residual stresses in fibre-reinforced semi-crystalline thermoplastic composites},
author = {Jan-Lukas Stüven and Anton Kienast and Sebastian Heimbs and Carsten Schmidt},
editor = {SAMPE Europe Conference 2025 Amsterdam},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-10-07},
urldate = {2025-10-07},
abstract = {Process-induced residual stresses originating from dissimilar thermal expansion behaviour and crystallisation shrinkage can significantly affect the mechanical behaviour of fibre-reinforced semi-crystalline thermoplastic composites. In order to predict the formation of these stresses, a novel multi-scale modelling framework comprising multiple interacting finite element models is presented and applied to an exemplary cross-ply laminate made of TC1225, a carbon-fibre-reinforced low-melting poly(aryl ether ketone) (CF/LM-PAEK), and manufactured by compression moulding. Significant residual stress magnitudes partially exceeding the matrix strength are found when assuming linear elastic material behaviour, which highlights the necessity of considering stress relaxation through viscoelasticity.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {inproceedings}
}
Process-induced residual stresses originating from dissimilar thermal expansion behaviour and crystallisation shrinkage can significantly affect the mechanical behaviour of fibre-reinforced semi-crystalline thermoplastic composites. In order to predict the formation of these stresses, a novel multi-scale modelling framework comprising multiple interacting finite element models is presented and applied to an exemplary cross-ply laminate made of TC1225, a carbon-fibre-reinforced low-melting poly(aryl ether ketone) (CF/LM-PAEK), and manufactured by compression moulding. Significant residual stress magnitudes partially exceeding the matrix strength are found when assuming linear elastic material behaviour, which highlights the necessity of considering stress relaxation through viscoelasticity.
VDI-Z, (Hrsg.)
Automatisierte Prozesskette zur kontinuierlichen Herstellung von CFK-Sandwichstäben Zeitschrift
2025, besucht am: 01.10.2025.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Schlagwörter:
@periodical{Denkena2025b,
title = {Automatisierte Prozesskette zur kontinuierlichen Herstellung von CFK-Sandwichstäben},
author = {Berend Denkena and Carsten Schmidt and Marco Bogenschütz and Martin Schütze},
editor = {VDI-Z},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.37544/0042-1766-2025-10-45},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-10-01},
urldate = {2025-10-01},
issue = {167},
abstract = {Im Hinblick auf eine ressourcenschonende und nachhaltige Zukunft rückt der Leichtbau zunehmend in den Fokus unterschiedlichster Industriezweige. Im Verhältnis zu ihrem Gewicht bieten Faserverbundwerkstoffe außergewöhnliche Festigkeiten, machen für deren wirtschaftlichen Einsatz in kostensensitiven Anwendungsfeldern aber auch die Entwicklung automatisierter Fertigungsverfahren notwendig.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {periodical}
}
Im Hinblick auf eine ressourcenschonende und nachhaltige Zukunft rückt der Leichtbau zunehmend in den Fokus unterschiedlichster Industriezweige. Im Verhältnis zu ihrem Gewicht bieten Faserverbundwerkstoffe außergewöhnliche Festigkeiten, machen für deren wirtschaftlichen Einsatz in kostensensitiven Anwendungsfeldern aber auch die Entwicklung automatisierter Fertigungsverfahren notwendig.
Schäfer, Harper; Heimbs, Sebastian; Schmidt, Carsten
In: Materials & Design, 2025.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Schlagwörter: Joint separation, LM-PAEK, Low-melting poly(aryl ether ketone), Resistance welding, Thermoplastic composites
@article{Schäfer2025,
title = {Parameter optimisation of resistance welding and separation process of thermoplastic composite joints using carbon-fibre-reinforced low-melting poly(aryl ether ketone) (CF/LM-PAEK)},
author = {Harper Schäfer and Sebastian Heimbs and Carsten Schmidt},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S026412752501233X?utm_campaign=STMJ_220042_AUTH_SERV_PA&utm_medium=email&utm_acid=91507132&SIS_ID=&dgcid=STMJ_220042_AUTH_SERV_PA&CMX_ID=&utm_in=DM598711&utm_source=AC_},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2025.114813},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-09-24},
urldate = {2025-09-24},
journal = {Materials & Design},
abstract = {This study presents an investigation of both the joining and controlled disassembly of resistance-welded carbon-fibre-reinforced low-melting poly(aryl ether ketone) (CF/LM-PAEK) thermoplastic composite joints. A Taguchi design of experiments followed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) are used to explore the effects of welding time, power and pressure on lap-shear strength. Optimised welding parameters—35 s, 140 W and 0.6 MPa—produce a lap-shear strength of (50.5 1.5) MPa. Subsequent annealing at 190 C (cooling rate 5 C/min) increases strength to (63.2 1.5) MPa.
Disassembly trials are carried out via resistance heating. By applying 2–3 V to the heating element, different weld-zone temperatures are generated, and the influence of temperature and cross-head speed on joint separation is assessed. An operational window for successful disassembly is identified at a traverse speed of 175 mm/min and a temperature of 285 C. Under these conditions, the joint cleanly separates into the heating element and the adherends without visible heat-induced deformation of the laminates. The residual separation force is (371 125) N, corresponding to a 98 % loss of mechanical strength. These results demonstrate an efficient cycle of welding and disassembly for CF/LM-PAEK composites, laying the groundwork for part exchange, reuse and recycling in lightweight-structure applications.},
keywords = {Joint separation, LM-PAEK, Low-melting poly(aryl ether ketone), Resistance welding, Thermoplastic composites},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This study presents an investigation of both the joining and controlled disassembly of resistance-welded carbon-fibre-reinforced low-melting poly(aryl ether ketone) (CF/LM-PAEK) thermoplastic composite joints. A Taguchi design of experiments followed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) are used to explore the effects of welding time, power and pressure on lap-shear strength. Optimised welding parameters—35 s, 140 W and 0.6 MPa—produce a lap-shear strength of (50.5 1.5) MPa. Subsequent annealing at 190 C (cooling rate 5 C/min) increases strength to (63.2 1.5) MPa.
Disassembly trials are carried out via resistance heating. By applying 2–3 V to the heating element, different weld-zone temperatures are generated, and the influence of temperature and cross-head speed on joint separation is assessed. An operational window for successful disassembly is identified at a traverse speed of 175 mm/min and a temperature of 285 C. Under these conditions, the joint cleanly separates into the heating element and the adherends without visible heat-induced deformation of the laminates. The residual separation force is (371 125) N, corresponding to a 98 % loss of mechanical strength. These results demonstrate an efficient cycle of welding and disassembly for CF/LM-PAEK composites, laying the groundwork for part exchange, reuse and recycling in lightweight-structure applications.
Disassembly trials are carried out via resistance heating. By applying 2–3 V to the heating element, different weld-zone temperatures are generated, and the influence of temperature and cross-head speed on joint separation is assessed. An operational window for successful disassembly is identified at a traverse speed of 175 mm/min and a temperature of 285 C. Under these conditions, the joint cleanly separates into the heating element and the adherends without visible heat-induced deformation of the laminates. The residual separation force is (371 125) N, corresponding to a 98 % loss of mechanical strength. These results demonstrate an efficient cycle of welding and disassembly for CF/LM-PAEK composites, laying the groundwork for part exchange, reuse and recycling in lightweight-structure applications.
Möllers, Hendrik; Schmidt, Carsten; Meiners, Dieter
Cure Optimization of Thick Laminates Using Multiple Epoxy Resin Systems Konferenz
2025.
Abstract | BibTeX | Schlagwörter:
@conference{Möllers2025b,
title = {Cure Optimization of Thick Laminates Using Multiple Epoxy Resin Systems},
author = {Hendrik Möllers and Carsten Schmidt and Dieter Meiners},
editor = {Polymer Processing Society 2025},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-09-23},
urldate = {2025-09-23},
abstract = {The manufacturing challenges for composite parts increase with thicker laminates. Standard cure cycles for thin laminates often lead to significant temperature overshoots and uneven curing across the part's thickness, which can compromise the final product's mechanical properties. Various techniques have been proposed to mitigate temperature overshoots, including cooling the laminate during curing, using low-exotherm resin systems, or incorporating thermally conductive particles into the resin. Additionally, cure cycles can be optimized using simulations and genetic algorithms.
This study examines the reduction of cure gradients by using different resin mixtures in the outer and inner layers of glass fiber-reinforced laminates of varying thicknesses cured using a hot press. The resin mixtures are based on an epoxy resin, an anhydride curing agent with varying amounts of accelerator, and two amine curing agents. The cure kinetics and thermal properties of all systems were determined and incorporated into a simulation model. After experimentally validating the simulation, a multi-objective optimization algorithm was employed to determine optimal combinations of resin mixtures and their distribution within the lay-up, considering both process time and cure gradient for 25 mm, 50 mm, and 100 mm thick samples. The resulting Pareto set includes solutions optimized for either process time or cure gradient, or a balance of both. As laminate thickness increases, the optimization results show greater differences between the resin systems in the inner and outer layers. For 25 mm laminates, 26% of the solutions use a single resin system, especially at low cure degree gradients, whereas for 100 mm laminates, this proportion approaches zero. The thermal lag between the outer and inner layers increases with laminate thickness. By using a faster-curing resin system in the inner layers, the inner layers can catch up with the outer layers, thereby reducing cure gradients.},
howpublished = {Vortrag},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {conference}
}
The manufacturing challenges for composite parts increase with thicker laminates. Standard cure cycles for thin laminates often lead to significant temperature overshoots and uneven curing across the part's thickness, which can compromise the final product's mechanical properties. Various techniques have been proposed to mitigate temperature overshoots, including cooling the laminate during curing, using low-exotherm resin systems, or incorporating thermally conductive particles into the resin. Additionally, cure cycles can be optimized using simulations and genetic algorithms.
This study examines the reduction of cure gradients by using different resin mixtures in the outer and inner layers of glass fiber-reinforced laminates of varying thicknesses cured using a hot press. The resin mixtures are based on an epoxy resin, an anhydride curing agent with varying amounts of accelerator, and two amine curing agents. The cure kinetics and thermal properties of all systems were determined and incorporated into a simulation model. After experimentally validating the simulation, a multi-objective optimization algorithm was employed to determine optimal combinations of resin mixtures and their distribution within the lay-up, considering both process time and cure gradient for 25 mm, 50 mm, and 100 mm thick samples. The resulting Pareto set includes solutions optimized for either process time or cure gradient, or a balance of both. As laminate thickness increases, the optimization results show greater differences between the resin systems in the inner and outer layers. For 25 mm laminates, 26% of the solutions use a single resin system, especially at low cure degree gradients, whereas for 100 mm laminates, this proportion approaches zero. The thermal lag between the outer and inner layers increases with laminate thickness. By using a faster-curing resin system in the inner layers, the inner layers can catch up with the outer layers, thereby reducing cure gradients.
This study examines the reduction of cure gradients by using different resin mixtures in the outer and inner layers of glass fiber-reinforced laminates of varying thicknesses cured using a hot press. The resin mixtures are based on an epoxy resin, an anhydride curing agent with varying amounts of accelerator, and two amine curing agents. The cure kinetics and thermal properties of all systems were determined and incorporated into a simulation model. After experimentally validating the simulation, a multi-objective optimization algorithm was employed to determine optimal combinations of resin mixtures and their distribution within the lay-up, considering both process time and cure gradient for 25 mm, 50 mm, and 100 mm thick samples. The resulting Pareto set includes solutions optimized for either process time or cure gradient, or a balance of both. As laminate thickness increases, the optimization results show greater differences between the resin systems in the inner and outer layers. For 25 mm laminates, 26% of the solutions use a single resin system, especially at low cure degree gradients, whereas for 100 mm laminates, this proportion approaches zero. The thermal lag between the outer and inner layers increases with laminate thickness. By using a faster-curing resin system in the inner layers, the inner layers can catch up with the outer layers, thereby reducing cure gradients.
Schäfer, Harper
Separation of Resistance-Welded Thermoplastic Composite Joints Produced with CF/LM-PAEK Vortrag
09.09.2025.
Abstract | BibTeX | Schlagwörter:
@misc{nokey,
title = {Separation of Resistance-Welded Thermoplastic Composite Joints Produced with CF/LM-PAEK},
author = {Harper Schäfer},
editor = {Composites 2025 - The 10th ECCOMAS Thematic Conference on the Mechanical Response of Composites
Vienna, Austria},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-09-09},
urldate = {2025-09-09},
abstract = {This study aims at demonstrating the separation of resistance-welded TPC joints via resistance heating. Low melt polyaryletherketone (LM-PAEK) laminate reinforced with carbon fibres (CF) specimens are produced and subsequently welded in a single lap shear configuration using resistance welding. Welding parameters for the process have been determined using three different heating elements. These include a regular stainless steel mesh, a stainless steel mesh that is preconsolidated with a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) film on both sides, and a CF/LM-PAEK prepreg tape with fibre volume fraction of 66 %. Following the welding process, these specimens are separated using a tensile testing apparatus introducing a shear load into the single lap shear specimens. During the separation process, the influence of temperature in the weleded zone is investigated by applying different voltages to the heating element. Furthermore, the influence of the crosshead speed during the tensile loading on the welded zone during the separation process is examined. Moreover, the fracture surface and the heat-affected zone of the welded joint are analysed after the separation process. The failure modes are studied using optical and scanning electron microscopy to explore the influence of the employed heating element on the fracture surface of the individual welded components following the separation. The analysis aims at drawing conclusions about the potential recyclability and re-weldability of the welded materials. Moreover, insights into the effect of the number of disassembly cycles on the strength recovery of resistance-welded TPC joints will be gained. The results of this study contribute to the new understanding of repair methods and the recyclability of fusion-welded TPC joints.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {presentation}
}
This study aims at demonstrating the separation of resistance-welded TPC joints via resistance heating. Low melt polyaryletherketone (LM-PAEK) laminate reinforced with carbon fibres (CF) specimens are produced and subsequently welded in a single lap shear configuration using resistance welding. Welding parameters for the process have been determined using three different heating elements. These include a regular stainless steel mesh, a stainless steel mesh that is preconsolidated with a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) film on both sides, and a CF/LM-PAEK prepreg tape with fibre volume fraction of 66 %. Following the welding process, these specimens are separated using a tensile testing apparatus introducing a shear load into the single lap shear specimens. During the separation process, the influence of temperature in the weleded zone is investigated by applying different voltages to the heating element. Furthermore, the influence of the crosshead speed during the tensile loading on the welded zone during the separation process is examined. Moreover, the fracture surface and the heat-affected zone of the welded joint are analysed after the separation process. The failure modes are studied using optical and scanning electron microscopy to explore the influence of the employed heating element on the fracture surface of the individual welded components following the separation. The analysis aims at drawing conclusions about the potential recyclability and re-weldability of the welded materials. Moreover, insights into the effect of the number of disassembly cycles on the strength recovery of resistance-welded TPC joints will be gained. The results of this study contribute to the new understanding of repair methods and the recyclability of fusion-welded TPC joints.
Denkena, Berend; Schmidt, Carsten; Kaczemirzk, Maximilian; Schmitt, Christopher
In: Production Engineering, 2025.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Schlagwörter:
@article{Denkena2025,
title = {Thermal sensitivity of fiber optic Rayleigh sensors embedded in the consolidation roller for future application in the process monitoring of Automated Fiber Placement},
author = {Berend Denkena and Carsten Schmidt and Maximilian Kaczemirzk and Christopher Schmitt},
doi = { 10.1007/s11740-025-01368-5},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-08-14},
urldate = {2025-08-14},
journal = {Production Engineering},
abstract = {This research paper presents a study that investigates the thermal sensitivity of fiber optic Rayleigh strain sensors embedded in an elastic silicone material. The results form the basis for a novel measurement concept for temperature measurement in in-situ Automated Fiber Placement. For the study, individual glass fibers were embedded in grooves in the silicone coating of simplified consolidation rollers. In this context, the geometry of the groove was varied, which changed the embedding characteristics. As part of an experimental study, the previously produced sensors were statically pressed against a heating plate at a constant temperature. The aim of the study was to evaluate the dynamic response behavior as well as the thermal sensitivity at different times after contact with the heating plate. The present empirical investigations have shown that the thermal sensitivity in the analyzed temperature range of 150 °C to 350 °C is independent of this temperature and increases with decreasing depth of the groove. In addition, a steady increase in thermal sensitivity was observed within the investigated contact time of 3 s. In this study, final theoretical considerations were made regarding Automated Fiber Placement. It was found that, assuming typical contact times from the process and taking into account the signal noise of the measurement system, a theoretical measurement accuracy of ± 9 °C is possible with the most sensitive sensor configuration. However, the experiments carried out have also shown that thermal disturbance variables due to convective and radiation-based heat transfer can influence the accuracy of the measurement.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
This research paper presents a study that investigates the thermal sensitivity of fiber optic Rayleigh strain sensors embedded in an elastic silicone material. The results form the basis for a novel measurement concept for temperature measurement in in-situ Automated Fiber Placement. For the study, individual glass fibers were embedded in grooves in the silicone coating of simplified consolidation rollers. In this context, the geometry of the groove was varied, which changed the embedding characteristics. As part of an experimental study, the previously produced sensors were statically pressed against a heating plate at a constant temperature. The aim of the study was to evaluate the dynamic response behavior as well as the thermal sensitivity at different times after contact with the heating plate. The present empirical investigations have shown that the thermal sensitivity in the analyzed temperature range of 150 °C to 350 °C is independent of this temperature and increases with decreasing depth of the groove. In addition, a steady increase in thermal sensitivity was observed within the investigated contact time of 3 s. In this study, final theoretical considerations were made regarding Automated Fiber Placement. It was found that, assuming typical contact times from the process and taking into account the signal noise of the measurement system, a theoretical measurement accuracy of ± 9 °C is possible with the most sensitive sensor configuration. However, the experiments carried out have also shown that thermal disturbance variables due to convective and radiation-based heat transfer can influence the accuracy of the measurement.
Finder, John; Schäfer, Harper; Schmidt, Carsten; Heimbs, Sebastian
Predicting Material Properties of Recycled Carbon Composite Using a Detailed Simulation Approach Konferenzberichte
2025.
Abstract | BibTeX | Schlagwörter:
@proceedings{Finder2025,
title = {Predicting Material Properties of Recycled Carbon Composite Using a Detailed Simulation Approach},
author = {John Finder and Harper Schäfer and Carsten Schmidt and Sebastian Heimbs},
editor = {ICCM24 - 24th International Conference on Composite Materials 4th to 8th of August 2025, Baltimore},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-08-06},
abstract = {The recycling of thermoplastic carbon fiber-reinforced composite through shredding offers a cost-effective and energy-efficient alternative to methods like pyrolysis or chemical decomposition, particularly when the fiber-matrix bond is retained in the process [1, 2]. The resulting chopped fiber bundles can be reprocessed into semi-aligned organosheets. However, the heterogeneous nature of the bundle distribution leads to significant variability in mechanical performance, necessitating predictive simulation tools. This paper presents a novel representative volume element framework tailored for recycled,
chopped, thermoplastic carbon fiber-reinforced composites. By shifting from fiber-scale to meso-scale modeling, the simulation captures bundle interactions and accounts for variations in length, orientation, and cross-sectional geometry. Three bundle shapes—cylindrical, elliptical, and rectangular—are assessed with respect to their influence on fiber volume content and resulting stiffness. The simulation is implemented in Abaqus using the Micromechanics Plugin. The findings show that rectangular bundles yield the highest Young’s modulus and fiber volume content, though all shapes underperforms ompared to orthotropic laminates of the virgin material. Limitations in current random placement algorithms are discussed, along with ongoing developments in packing strategies, contact modeling, and RVE size convergence. This work contributes toward a multiscale simulation approach for optimizing recycling processes and predicting the mechanical behavior of chopped fiber composites.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {proceedings}
}
The recycling of thermoplastic carbon fiber-reinforced composite through shredding offers a cost-effective and energy-efficient alternative to methods like pyrolysis or chemical decomposition, particularly when the fiber-matrix bond is retained in the process [1, 2]. The resulting chopped fiber bundles can be reprocessed into semi-aligned organosheets. However, the heterogeneous nature of the bundle distribution leads to significant variability in mechanical performance, necessitating predictive simulation tools. This paper presents a novel representative volume element framework tailored for recycled,
chopped, thermoplastic carbon fiber-reinforced composites. By shifting from fiber-scale to meso-scale modeling, the simulation captures bundle interactions and accounts for variations in length, orientation, and cross-sectional geometry. Three bundle shapes—cylindrical, elliptical, and rectangular—are assessed with respect to their influence on fiber volume content and resulting stiffness. The simulation is implemented in Abaqus using the Micromechanics Plugin. The findings show that rectangular bundles yield the highest Young’s modulus and fiber volume content, though all shapes underperforms ompared to orthotropic laminates of the virgin material. Limitations in current random placement algorithms are discussed, along with ongoing developments in packing strategies, contact modeling, and RVE size convergence. This work contributes toward a multiscale simulation approach for optimizing recycling processes and predicting the mechanical behavior of chopped fiber composites.
chopped, thermoplastic carbon fiber-reinforced composites. By shifting from fiber-scale to meso-scale modeling, the simulation captures bundle interactions and accounts for variations in length, orientation, and cross-sectional geometry. Three bundle shapes—cylindrical, elliptical, and rectangular—are assessed with respect to their influence on fiber volume content and resulting stiffness. The simulation is implemented in Abaqus using the Micromechanics Plugin. The findings show that rectangular bundles yield the highest Young’s modulus and fiber volume content, though all shapes underperforms ompared to orthotropic laminates of the virgin material. Limitations in current random placement algorithms are discussed, along with ongoing developments in packing strategies, contact modeling, and RVE size convergence. This work contributes toward a multiscale simulation approach for optimizing recycling processes and predicting the mechanical behavior of chopped fiber composites.
Kienast, Anton; Tiemann, Tim; Stüven, Jan-Lukas; Schmidt, Carsten; Heimbs, Sebastian
Topology-optimised design of a grid-stiffened composite fuselage including manufacturing constraints Konferenzberichte
2025.
Abstract | BibTeX | Schlagwörter:
@proceedings{nokey,
title = {Topology-optimised design of a grid-stiffened composite fuselage including manufacturing constraints},
author = {Anton Kienast and Tim Tiemann and Jan-Lukas Stüven and Carsten Schmidt and Sebastian Heimbs},
editor = {EUCASS 2025 - 11th European Conference for Aeronautics and Aerospace Sciences, Rome},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-06-30},
urldate = {2025-06-30},
abstract = {Minimising structural mass while maintaining highest safety standards is a key strategy for enhancing the energy-efficiency of future aircraft. Designing lighter airframes not only improves structural efficiency but also significantly enhances operational performance. Modern semi-monocoque aircraft achieve structural integrity by reinforcing the thin fuselage skin with stiffening elements to meet stiffness and strength requirements. The conventional approach, utilizing orthogonally arranged stringer and frame reinforcements (orthogrid) with various cross-sections, remains prevalent in modern aircraft designs (e.g., Boeing 787, Airbus A350) due to its simple design process and suitability for large-scale production.
Advancements in manufacturing technologies have facilitated the integration of composite materials into aircraft structures. These materials offer a high strength-to-weight ratio, better fatigue resistance and greater design flexibility compared to traditional metallic materials. In recent years, the application of bio-inspired and topology-optimised (grid) structures has gained significant traction in the aerospace industry [1-3]. Numerous studies have highlighted the potential of load path-optimised grid structures as promising alternatives for stiffening, achieving notable weight reductions and increased damage tolerance compared to conventional orthogrid semi-monocoque fuselage configurations [4-7]. However, one of the main drawbacks of these concepts is the increased effort required in the design process due to their geometric complexity and the necessity to integrate manufacturing constraints in the optimisation process to ensure a manufacturable structure.
In the present study, a topology-optimised grid-stiffening configuration with foam filled omega-stiffeners, integrally manufactured using the automated fibre placement (AFP) process is evaluated for weight reduction in a carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) fuselage section of a novel electric short-range aircraft. This approach is compared with a conventional stiffening method. The structural optimisation takes into account both strength and stability requirements, as well as manufacturability constraints of the AFP process [8]. Genetic algorithms are employed to solve the global optimisation problem, leveraging their ability to handle complex structural behaviours and explore a broad solution space, thereby reducing the risk of converging on local optima.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {proceedings}
}
Minimising structural mass while maintaining highest safety standards is a key strategy for enhancing the energy-efficiency of future aircraft. Designing lighter airframes not only improves structural efficiency but also significantly enhances operational performance. Modern semi-monocoque aircraft achieve structural integrity by reinforcing the thin fuselage skin with stiffening elements to meet stiffness and strength requirements. The conventional approach, utilizing orthogonally arranged stringer and frame reinforcements (orthogrid) with various cross-sections, remains prevalent in modern aircraft designs (e.g., Boeing 787, Airbus A350) due to its simple design process and suitability for large-scale production.
Advancements in manufacturing technologies have facilitated the integration of composite materials into aircraft structures. These materials offer a high strength-to-weight ratio, better fatigue resistance and greater design flexibility compared to traditional metallic materials. In recent years, the application of bio-inspired and topology-optimised (grid) structures has gained significant traction in the aerospace industry [1-3]. Numerous studies have highlighted the potential of load path-optimised grid structures as promising alternatives for stiffening, achieving notable weight reductions and increased damage tolerance compared to conventional orthogrid semi-monocoque fuselage configurations [4-7]. However, one of the main drawbacks of these concepts is the increased effort required in the design process due to their geometric complexity and the necessity to integrate manufacturing constraints in the optimisation process to ensure a manufacturable structure.
In the present study, a topology-optimised grid-stiffening configuration with foam filled omega-stiffeners, integrally manufactured using the automated fibre placement (AFP) process is evaluated for weight reduction in a carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) fuselage section of a novel electric short-range aircraft. This approach is compared with a conventional stiffening method. The structural optimisation takes into account both strength and stability requirements, as well as manufacturability constraints of the AFP process [8]. Genetic algorithms are employed to solve the global optimisation problem, leveraging their ability to handle complex structural behaviours and explore a broad solution space, thereby reducing the risk of converging on local optima.
Advancements in manufacturing technologies have facilitated the integration of composite materials into aircraft structures. These materials offer a high strength-to-weight ratio, better fatigue resistance and greater design flexibility compared to traditional metallic materials. In recent years, the application of bio-inspired and topology-optimised (grid) structures has gained significant traction in the aerospace industry [1-3]. Numerous studies have highlighted the potential of load path-optimised grid structures as promising alternatives for stiffening, achieving notable weight reductions and increased damage tolerance compared to conventional orthogrid semi-monocoque fuselage configurations [4-7]. However, one of the main drawbacks of these concepts is the increased effort required in the design process due to their geometric complexity and the necessity to integrate manufacturing constraints in the optimisation process to ensure a manufacturable structure.
In the present study, a topology-optimised grid-stiffening configuration with foam filled omega-stiffeners, integrally manufactured using the automated fibre placement (AFP) process is evaluated for weight reduction in a carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) fuselage section of a novel electric short-range aircraft. This approach is compared with a conventional stiffening method. The structural optimisation takes into account both strength and stability requirements, as well as manufacturability constraints of the AFP process [8]. Genetic algorithms are employed to solve the global optimisation problem, leveraging their ability to handle complex structural behaviours and explore a broad solution space, thereby reducing the risk of converging on local optima.
Steuernagel, Leif; Schmidt, Carsten; Jenensch, Christian
In: Materials, Bd. 18, Ausg. 13, 2025.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Schlagwörter:
@article{Steuernagel2025,
title = {Influence of Surface Treatments and Adhesive Type on Bond Strength Between Stainless Steel and CFRP in Agricultural Machinery},
author = {Leif Steuernagel and Carsten Schmidt and Christian Jenensch},
doi = { https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18133027},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-06-26},
journal = {Materials},
volume = {18},
issue = {13},
abstract = {In the domain of agricultural machinery, the utilization of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) for structural components, such as the chassis, facilitates substantial weight reduction. To integrate additional components, stainless-steel connection points can be bonded to the CFRP chassis using adhesives. This study investigates surface preparation methods to enhance adhesive bonding strength at the coupon level. Three adhesives (DP490, MA8110, SG300) were tested on untreated, sandblasted, and sandpaper-grinded steel surfaces. Contrary to predictions, the highest strength (28.7 MPa) for DP490 was achieved after simple acetone cleaning, despite lower surface roughness (Ra = 1.60 µm), while sandblasting (Ra = 3.71 µm, 22 MPa) and grinding (Ra = 2.78 µm, 25.95 MPa) performed worse due to incomplete adhesive penetration. Subsequent tests on DP490 with laser structuring (Ra = 88.8 µm) and sandblasting with coating (Ra = 1.94 µm) provided strengths of 27.5 MPa and 29.3 MPa, respectively. The findings indicate that, under the examined conditions, surface cleanliness plays a more critical role in adhesive bonding strength than surface roughness. Practically, acetone cleaning is a cost-effective and time-efficient alternative to treatments like sandblasting or laser structuring. This makes it attractive for industrial use in agricultural machinery. While this study focuses on coupon-level surfaces, the findings provide a basis for scaling to component-level applications in future research.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
In the domain of agricultural machinery, the utilization of carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (CFRP) for structural components, such as the chassis, facilitates substantial weight reduction. To integrate additional components, stainless-steel connection points can be bonded to the CFRP chassis using adhesives. This study investigates surface preparation methods to enhance adhesive bonding strength at the coupon level. Three adhesives (DP490, MA8110, SG300) were tested on untreated, sandblasted, and sandpaper-grinded steel surfaces. Contrary to predictions, the highest strength (28.7 MPa) for DP490 was achieved after simple acetone cleaning, despite lower surface roughness (Ra = 1.60 µm), while sandblasting (Ra = 3.71 µm, 22 MPa) and grinding (Ra = 2.78 µm, 25.95 MPa) performed worse due to incomplete adhesive penetration. Subsequent tests on DP490 with laser structuring (Ra = 88.8 µm) and sandblasting with coating (Ra = 1.94 µm) provided strengths of 27.5 MPa and 29.3 MPa, respectively. The findings indicate that, under the examined conditions, surface cleanliness plays a more critical role in adhesive bonding strength than surface roughness. Practically, acetone cleaning is a cost-effective and time-efficient alternative to treatments like sandblasting or laser structuring. This makes it attractive for industrial use in agricultural machinery. While this study focuses on coupon-level surfaces, the findings provide a basis for scaling to component-level applications in future research.
Dutta, Gaurab Sundar; Tschentscher, Cedric; Jenensch, Christian; Steuernagel, Leif; Fotzé, E.; Schmidt, Carsten
A study on the integration of natural fiber in high-performance sustainable composites Konferenzberichte
2025.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Schlagwörter:
@proceedings{Dutta2025,
title = {A study on the integration of natural fiber in high-performance sustainable composites},
author = {Gaurab Sundar Dutta and Cedric Tschentscher and Christian Jenensch and Leif Steuernagel and E. Fotzé and Carsten Schmidt},
url = {https://dokumente.ub.tu-clausthal.de/receive/clausthal_mods_00002894},
doi = {10.21268/20250506-1},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-06-02},
urldate = {2025-06-02},
journal = {Tagungsband 6. Symposium Materialtechnik : 20. bis 21. Februar 2025},
abstract = {In recent years, there has been an upsurge in environmentally friendly innovations due to the urgent need to address global warming and build a sustainable future. Natural fiber (NF) research is one area of interest that has gained significant attention in the composites industry, mainly due to its low carbon footprint compared to its synthetic counterpart. However, raw NFs currently do not have the same structural properties as their synthetic counterparts, such as carbon fiber (CF) and glass fiber (GF) composites. As a result, high-performance industries have been reluctant to adopt them due to their reduced stiffness in response to mechanical loading, which often limits their use in certain applications. To overcome this obstacle, innovative methods are being developed to improve the performance of these composites while maintaining a lower carbon footprint. This work falls into this category by creating a hybrid composite replacing conventional flow accelerators with NFs, taking advantage of their high permeability. Different natural fiber architectures are being tested for permeability, absorption, structure and infusion simulation. The generated data will be stored as a material library serving as a digital model for future applications. This work aims to combine NFs and CFs to achieve a sustainable design by balancing mechanical properties, manufacturing costs, and environmental footprint, resulting in a multi-objective problem that ultimately advances the general understanding of NFs and their potential in high-performance composites.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {proceedings}
}
In recent years, there has been an upsurge in environmentally friendly innovations due to the urgent need to address global warming and build a sustainable future. Natural fiber (NF) research is one area of interest that has gained significant attention in the composites industry, mainly due to its low carbon footprint compared to its synthetic counterpart. However, raw NFs currently do not have the same structural properties as their synthetic counterparts, such as carbon fiber (CF) and glass fiber (GF) composites. As a result, high-performance industries have been reluctant to adopt them due to their reduced stiffness in response to mechanical loading, which often limits their use in certain applications. To overcome this obstacle, innovative methods are being developed to improve the performance of these composites while maintaining a lower carbon footprint. This work falls into this category by creating a hybrid composite replacing conventional flow accelerators with NFs, taking advantage of their high permeability. Different natural fiber architectures are being tested for permeability, absorption, structure and infusion simulation. The generated data will be stored as a material library serving as a digital model for future applications. This work aims to combine NFs and CFs to achieve a sustainable design by balancing mechanical properties, manufacturing costs, and environmental footprint, resulting in a multi-objective problem that ultimately advances the general understanding of NFs and their potential in high-performance composites.
Stüven, Jan-Lukas; Heimbs, Sebastian; Schmidt, Carsten
In: Polymer Testing, Bd. 143, 2025.
Abstract | Links | BibTeX | Schlagwörter:
@article{Stüven2025,
title = {Melting behaviour and crystallisation kinetics of carbon-fibre-reinforced low-melting poly(aryl ether ketone},
author = {Jan-Lukas Stüven and Sebastian Heimbs and Carsten Schmidt},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142941825000327},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2025.108718},
year = {2025},
date = {2025-02-24},
journal = {Polymer Testing},
volume = {143},
abstract = {The dependence of material properties and residual stress formation on the crystallinity of thermoplastic composites necessitates detailed analyses regarding the melting behaviour and the crystallisation kinetics of employed semi-crystalline matrices as well as accurate crystallisation models. This paper investigates a novel low-melting poly(aryl ether ketone) (LM-PAEK) reinforced with carbon fibres, in the form of TC1225 unidirectional tape, based on isothermal and non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It is shown that the LM-PAEK matrix features a double melting behaviour and exhibits an absolute crystallinity of roughly . Kinetics parameters are derived from the DSC analyses and the applicability of selected crystallisation models for predicting the relative crystallinity is evaluated based on a comparison with the DSC data. Under isothermal conditions, the modified Hillier model and the parallel Velisaris–Seferis model yield good agreement. In contrast, a dual Nakamura model and a dual Kamal–Chu model yield merely moderate agreement under non-isothermal conditions.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}
The dependence of material properties and residual stress formation on the crystallinity of thermoplastic composites necessitates detailed analyses regarding the melting behaviour and the crystallisation kinetics of employed semi-crystalline matrices as well as accurate crystallisation models. This paper investigates a novel low-melting poly(aryl ether ketone) (LM-PAEK) reinforced with carbon fibres, in the form of TC1225 unidirectional tape, based on isothermal and non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). It is shown that the LM-PAEK matrix features a double melting behaviour and exhibits an absolute crystallinity of roughly . Kinetics parameters are derived from the DSC analyses and the applicability of selected crystallisation models for predicting the relative crystallinity is evaluated based on a comparison with the DSC data. Under isothermal conditions, the modified Hillier model and the parallel Velisaris–Seferis model yield good agreement. In contrast, a dual Nakamura model and a dual Kamal–Chu model yield merely moderate agreement under non-isothermal conditions.